Abstract
The article analyses the psychological category of lies in the perspective of polygraph examinations, which are now popular and in demand. It is emphasized that polygraph examinations are the only tool for establishing the truth, which is built taking into account the patterns of neural connections in the human brain and involves comprehensive consideration of psychophysiological changes in an individual’s body. Testing with a lie detector is a unique instrumental technique, a complex process of special equipment depending on a polygraph examiner’s professionalism in order to establish the truth, because a polygraph is a device that detects lies, i.e. special hardware for special verification of truthfulness. In our country the use of the polygraph is indirectly regulated at the legislative level, in particular, examinations of people in general are allowed, but polygraph testing is not specified. There is still no special law determining an algorithm for polygraph using. The current regulations governing the procedure for polygraph inspections are departmental and relate to staffing. The activity of polygraph examiners in Ukraine is widespread, but in the format of services provided by public organizations.
The essential content of lie detection, which is understood as a set of techniques that help determine the reliability and veracity of information, is analyzed. Because a lie means deliberate distortion of information and polygraph examinations are a type of research activity aimed at truth establishing, the concepts, functions, forms and types of lies are described. During a polygraph investigation, a lie means transmission of information that is completely or partially untrue; it means distortion (cognitive changes), untruth, insincerity (pretending), deception aimed at truth concealing or misleading. Given that the most common reasons for using a lie detector are a competition or examination of candidates for a vacant position, official investigations, forensic psychological examination or personal initiatives, the examined people mostly tries to convince, prove something, justify, etc., so the function of lies to protect interests, often their own. There are two forms of lies: silence and distortion. By default, the information is hidden, but not distorted; in the case of distortion, it is not only hidden, but also supplemented or replaced and pretended to be true. Common types of lies in polygraph research are: mystification, substitution of concepts, self-deception, lying for good, misleading, exaggeration / belittling, slander. Levels of lie recognition (psychophysiological, verbal, nonverbal) and approaches to its detection (emotional, volitional, cognitive) are determined. Emphasis is placed on the psychological aspects of lie detection when using a polygraph. Attention is paid to topical issues of lie detection with a polygraph.
References
Barishpolets, O. T. (2013). Brehnya v informatsiynomu prostori ta mizhosoboviy komunikatsiyi: monografiya. [Lies in the information space and interpersonal communication]. KIrovograd: Imeks-LTD. 648. [in Ukrainian].
Bilenchuk, P. D., Motlyah, O. I., Ribalchenko, O. M., Usikov, I. P. (2013). Audiovizualna psihofiziologichna diagnostika lyudini: istoriya, teoriya, praktika: monografiya / za red. P. D. Bilenchuka. [Audiovisual psychophysiological diagnosis of a person: history, theory, practice]. Kiyiv: Atika. 419. [in Ukrainian].
Vasyuk, K. M., Bozhenko, V. G. (2017). Sposobi detektsiyi brehni u studentiv z riznim rivnem emotsiynogo intelektu [Ways to detect lies in students with different levels of emotional intelligence]. PsihologIchniy chasopis. 2017. 6. 9–24. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/psch_2017_6_3 [in Ukrainian].
Velykyi tlumachnyi slovnyk suchasnoi ukrainskoi movy: 250000 (2005). / uklad. ta holov. red. V. T. Busel. Kyiv; Irpin: Perun. 1728.
Danylova, N. N. (2011). Psykhofyzyolohyia. [Psychophysiology]. Moskva. 2011. 366. [in Russian].
Zakon Ukrainy vid 12.11.2015 № 794-VIII «Pro Derzhavne biuro rozsliduvan». URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/794-19#Text [in Ukrainian].
Zakon Ukrainy vid 2.07.2015 r. № 580-VIII «Pro Natsionalnu politsiiu». URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/580-19#Text [in Ukrainian].
Znakov, V. V. (1993). Nepravda, lozh y obman kak problemы psykholohyy ponymanyia. [Falsehood, lies and deception as problems of the psychology of understanding]. Voprosu psykholohyy. 2. 9–16. [in Russian].
Kalka, N. M., Tsyvinska, M. V., Zubach, I. M. (2017). Detektsiia brekhni u spilkuvanni: sotsialno-psykholohichnyi aspekt: navch.-metod. posibnyk. [Detection of lies in communication: socio-psychological aspect]. Lviv: LvDUVS. 120. [in Ukrainian].
Kolisnyk, O. L. (2015). Psykholohichnyi analiz stanu doslidzhenosti problemy dezinformatsii u mizhosobystisnomu spilkuvanni. [Psychological analysis of the state of research of the problem of misinformation in interpersonal communication]. Visnyk Kyivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Tarasa Shevchenka. Viiskovo-spetsialni nauky. 2. 13–18. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/VKNU_vsn_2015_2_5 [in Ukrainian].
Kuzmenko, M. D., Sitkar, I. I. (2020). Suchasnyi stan ta perspektyvy otsinky dostovirnosti povidomlenoi informatsii. [Current status and prospects for assessing the accuracy of the reported information]. Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu oborony Ukrainy. 3(56). 40–47. [in Ukrainian].
Maiorchak, N. M. (2018). Brekhlyvist osobystosti v sotsialno-psykholohichnomu konteksti: monohrafiia. [Falsehood of the individual in the socio-psychological context]. Lviv: Lvivskyi derzhavnyi universytet vnutrishnikh sprav. 193. [in Ukrainian].
Movchan, D. A. (2009). Pytannia implementatsii v Ukraini zarubizhnykh pidkhodiv do normatyvno-pravovoho rehuliuvannia zastosuvannia polihrafa u protsesi rozkryttia ta rozsliduvannia zlochyniv. [Issues of implementation in Ukraine of foreign approaches to the legal regulation of the use of the polygraph in the process of detection and investigation of crimes]. Naukovyi visnyk Kyivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu vnutrishnikh sprav. 5. 256–262. [in Ukrainian].
Morozov, T. R. (2019). Polihrafolohiia: pidruchnyk [Polygraphy]. / za red. O. M. Morozova. Kharkiv: «Estet Prynt». 476. [in Ukrainian].
Motliakh, O. I. (2012). Polihraf: naukova pryroda pokhodzhennia, normatyvno-pravove rehuliuvannia ta dopustymi mezhi zastosuvannia: monohrafiia. [Polygraph: scientific nature of origin, legal regulation and permissible limits of application]. Kyiv: «Osvita Ukrainy». 394. [in Ukrainian].
Mul, S. A. (2017). Problemy zastosuvannia polihrafolohichnykh doslidzhen. [Problems of application of polygraph researches]. Psykholohichnyi chasopys. 4. 87–97. [in Ukrainian].
Slovnyk ukrainskoi movy: v 11 tt. T. 9. (1978). / za red. I. K. Bilodida. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. 919. [in Ukrainian].
Chebykin, O. Ya., Kosianova, O. Yu. (2017). Vykorystannia polihrafa ta metodyky emotsiinoi zrilosti dlia otsinky skhylnosti do obmanu: monohrafiia. [Use of a polygraph and methods of emotional maturity to assess the propensity to deceive]. Odesa: TOV «Leradruk». 224. [in Ukrainian].
Ekman, P. (2016). Psykholohyia lzhy. Obmany menia, esly smozhesh. [Psychology of lies. Deceive me if you can]. Sank-Peterburh: Pyter. 304. [in Russian].
Copyright Notice
Articles in the Psychological Journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License International CC-BY that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. For more detailed information, please, fallow the link - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/