Abstract
Background. The growing number of Ukrainian studies focusing on the adaptation and psychometric evaluation of psychodiagnostic instruments highlights the methodological importance of appropriate sample formation. Sample adequacy is determined not only by the number of participants but also by the extent to which the sample composition corresponds to the target population, the recruitment strategy employed, the objectives of the psychometric analysis, and the transparency of reporting. However, systematic evidence on sample formation and reporting practices in contemporary Ukrainian instrument adaptation studies remains limited.
Aim. To systematize current methodological recommendations for determining adequate sample size in the adaptation of psychodiagnostic instruments and to analyze practices related to sample formation, description, and justification in contemporary Ukrainian psychometric studies.
Methods. A total of 95 scientific publications reporting the adaptation, validation, or psychometric evaluation of psychodiagnostic instruments in Ukrainian samples were analyzed. The publications appeared in 78 scientific journals in psychology and related fields during 2024–2025. Studies were identified through a comprehensive review of journal issues supplemented by keyword searches. For each publication, sample size, participant characteristics, and completeness of sample reporting were analyzed. Participant categories were developed inductively through content analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and the findings were compared with current methodological recommendations for sample formation in psychometric research.
Results. The mean sample size was 355.1 participants (SD = 267.5), with a median of 276 and a range from 40 to 1,254. Samples of at least 200 participants were used in 69.6% of the studies, while 46.4% included more than 300 participants; samples of fewer than 100 participants were used in 6.3% of the studies. The most common category comprised samples described as “all willing participants” or samples for which participant characteristics were insufficiently specified (49.5%). Student samples accounted for 14.7% of the studies, while military personnel accounted for 9.5%. The findings indicate that most contemporary Ukrainian instrument adaptation studies generally meet commonly used quantitative benchmarks for sample size. However, numerical adequacy is frequently not accompanied by sufficient justification of sample composition, recruitment procedures, or correspondence between the sample and the target population.
Conclusions. The key methodological challenge in contemporary Ukrainian studies on the adaptation of psychodiagnostic instruments lies not so much in insufficient sample size as in limited transparency regarding sample formation, description, and justification. Sample planning should be guided by the specific objectives of the psychometric study, instrument characteristics, planned statistical procedures, and the target population rather than by a universal numerical threshold. The findings highlight the need for higher reporting standards regarding recruitment procedures, inclusion and exclusion criteria, participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, and the limits of generalizability of psychometric findings.
Keywords: psychodiagnostics; psychometrics; psychodiagnostic instrument adaptation; psychometric validation; sample size; sample formation; psychological assessment; reporting standards.
Date of submission: 21.06.2026
Date of acceptance for publication: 21.08.2026
Date of publication: 30.08.2026
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